Hierocratic Theocracy

Hierocratic Theocracy Power is held by religious leaders who govern the state directly based on divine authority or religious law. The political and religious leadership are often unified, with clergy holding the highest offices. Example: The Vatican City, ruled by the Pope as both spiritual and temporal leader, where the Catholic Church’s hierarchy governs the state.

Fundamentalist Theocracy

A strict interpretation of religious texts forms the basis of governance, with laws and policies enforcing conservative religious principles. Often involves heavy restrictions on social behavior and personal freedoms. Example: Iran’s Islamic Republic, where the Supreme Leader and clerics enforce Sharia law and religious doctrine in governance.

Priestly Theocracy

A council or group of priests collectively governs, with religious officials sharing power in ruling the state, often interpreting divine will as law. Example: Ancient Israel under the priesthood before monarchy; some interpretations of the early Church states.

Legal Theocracy

The state’s laws are explicitly based on religious codes, with legal institutions enforcing religious laws in civil and criminal matters. Political leadership may or may not be religious figures themselves. Example: Saudi Arabia’s legal system is based on Islamic Sharia law, applied by religious courts and judges.